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Talks@Bruegel: Extending the EU Emissions Trading System with Jochen Andritzky

How could extending the EU ETS to non-EU countries enhance global climate goals and improve cost efficiency in emissions reductions?

China's green tech: From its role in global decarbonisation to domestic overcapacity realities

Can China’s green tech production keep pace with both its domestic decarbonisation needs and global demand?

Talks@Bruegel: Industrial competitiveness and global emission reduction with Sandra Phlippen

How would the opening of ETS affect industrial competitiveness and global climate goals?

Economic shifts in the US and global relations: A fireside chat with Jason Furman

How are unpredictable shifts in the US economy reshaping global dynamics?

Europe’s investment priorities in a changing world – featuring a conversation with Nadia Calviño

What are Europe’s investment priorities in an era of change?

Green, digital and resilient growth

Bruegel's 20th Anniversary event in Helsinki, jointly organised with the Bank of Finland.

Talks@Bruegel: Migration and refugee policies with Neil Meads

How do changes in migrant and refugee policies affect where people move between economies and the legal pathways they take?

Germany's fiscal rules dilemma

Without further reform, European Union fiscal rules could stop Germany from using the new fiscal space it has freed up for itself

Das Milliardenpaket von Merz könnte als Papiertiger enden

How can Europe accelerate its rearmament without breaking the bank?

The proposed European Defence Mechanism: questions and answers

Answering ten questions on the proposed EDM

Conference on globalisation and geo-economic fragmentation

Bruegel’s 20th anniversary event in Amsterdam, organised jointly with De Nederlandsche Bank.

The governance and funding of European rearmament

Europe must accelerate rearmament through deeper cooperation and innovative governance to counter Russia’s aggression and shifting US policies

Talks@Bruegel: Infrastructure for planetary health with Erik Berglof

How can infrastructure development be designed to improve public health while addressing environmental risks?

What does German debt brake reform mean for Europe?

Climate expenditure for survival

A coalition of willing wealthy countries should provide financing for the net-zero transitions of developing countries

The one promise and many perils of resurgent industrial policy

What are the challenges and implications of industrial policy in today’s evolving global landscape?

Talks@Bruegel: Risks for public debt with Vitor Gaspar

How is public debt shaping the future of global fiscal policy?

Why coalitions of wealthy nations should fund others to decarbonize

Failure to agree on global grants to help low- and middle-income countries to achieve net-zero emissions cannot be the end of the story

Where are Europe's animal spirits?

A conversation with Peter Praet and Jeromin Zettelmeyer about the global economy

Can Germany afford to take most defence spending out of its debt brake?

Higher German defence spending would be fiscally sustainable, but would require cuts elsewhere and would breach EU fiscal rules

Prospects for reducing sovereign debt while tackling ongoing crises

In order to tackle the high rates of sovereign debt decisive action is needed. How likely are the needed adjustments and how can we achieve them?

European companies in China: What to expect moving forward

What is the future for European companies in China?

Preserving and enhancing open financial markets: a conversation with Andrew Bailey

A fireside chat on fostering openness in financial markets and the role of central banks

Draghi on a shoestring: the European Commission’s Competitiveness Compass

The proposed EU Competitiveness Compass would set up a conflict between industrial policy and the single market

Updated assessment: Memos to the commissioners responsible for EU foreign, enlargement, and partnerships policies

Updated assessment: Memos to the commissioners responsible for the internal market, industrial policy and competition

Not yet Trump-proof: an evaluation of the European Commission’s emerging policy platform

This policy brief evaluates the capacity of the EU’s economic strategy to address structural problems and whether policy needs to change under Trump

Leaders and institutions: honouring Jean Pisani-Ferry and celebrating the birth of Bruegel

Clean Industrial Deal: a conversation with EVP Teresa Ribera

How will the Clean Industrial Deal support EU industries?

Is Europe ready for the challenges of 2025 and beyond?

Vote, protect, prepare: 2024 in review

Europe’s tumultuous year of leadership change, climate challenge and the rise of industrial policy

Towards a circular single market: Strengthening EU economic security and competitiveness

What does a circular single market mean for Europe’s economic future?

Economic security and the transatlantic agenda after the US presidential elections

Exploring the future of transatlantic cooperation and economic security after the US presidential elections

The new economic governance framework: implications for monetary policy

Shifts in China's foreign policy: a closer look at its role in the United Nations

Exploring China's growing influence and its changing role within the United Nations

Talks@Bruegel: Overcoming opposition to green policies with Lorenzo Forni

What are the main obstacles to implementing effective green policies?

Talks@Bruegel: International tax cooperation with Itai Grinberg

Exploring the future of global tax cooperation amidst shifting international frameworks

The future of European competitiveness: a conversation with Mario Draghi

Exploring the critical issues shaping Europe’s economic future.

How demographic change will hit debt sustainability in European Union countries

The European Union faces a dramatic demographic problem in the decades ahead

Is Mario Draghi's EU competitiveness report the landmark plan that was promised?

Bruegel Annual Meetings | 4-5 September 2024

This year's Annual Meetings centered around the launch of the Bruegel Memos to the European Union leadership 2024-2029

Memo to the commissioner responsible for the internal market

Memo to the commissioners responsible for international partnerships and reform of the multilateral development banks

Unite, defend, grow: Memos to the European Union leadership 2024-2029

Unite, defend, grow: EU policy for the next five years

Bruegel fellows' recommendations to the EU institutions for the 2024-2029 cycle

Urgency, speed and scale: Dealing with China under the new Commission

This closed-door event discussed how the new European Commission should address the China related issues.

Talks@Bruegel: Europe's financing needs with Pervenche Berès

What are the funding requirements in Europe and the prospects for the CMU?

Overcome divisions and confront threats: Memo to the Presidents of the European Commission, Council and Parliament

Memo to the Presidents of the European Commission, Council and Parliament

Through taxes to tech: using fiscal policies to promote innovation

At this event, we discussed the 2nd chapter of IMF’s latest Fiscal Monitor, titled “Expanding Frontiers: Fiscal Policies for Innovation".

The implications of the European Union’s new fiscal rules

This policy brief summarises the main features of the new European Union fiscal framework

The economic case for north-south climate finance at scale

Europe's economic security: vulnerabilities and solutions

How should Europe address economic security and supply chain risks, especially regarding trade policy, import dependencies?

Talks@Bruegel: How China and Europe can cooperate on climate change with Xiaochuan Zhou

How can China and Europe team up on green development, while preventing economic fragmentation in multilateral cooperation?

Why should the G7+EU pay for coal phase out in their emerging counterparts?

The European Central Bank must adapt to an environment of inflation volatility

The ECB must adapt its strategy to a new era of supply disruptions

The economic case for climate finance at scale

This policy brief examines the economic case for advanced-country financial support for replacement of coal with renewable energy sources in EMDEs

Taxation for Competitiveness: enhancing EU's own resources

How can the EU improve tax efficiency and establish new resources amid pressures for competitiveness, tax fairness, and green transition?

CBAM and carbon pricing: forging fair paths to climate stability

How will the EU's CBAM affect global trade, economic inequality, emissions reduction, and international cooperation on carbon pricing?

Managing the What Ifs: Europe, China and world trade

How should the EU de-risk its external economic relationships without foregoing the benefits of trade?

China’s global trade influence: where do we stand?

This closed-door roundtable analyse China's evolving role in global trade, highlighting recent shifts and their implications for the EU.

How to ensure European economic security in a world of interdependence?

How to de-risk: European economic security in a world of interdependence

The question is how exactly the EU should ‘de-risk’ its external economic relationships without foregoing the benefits of trade.

Paris report 2: Europe's economic security

The single market according to Enrico Letta - was the report worth the wait?

Talks@Bruegel: fiscal rules, climate and the future of Europe with Dorothée Rouzet

Visions for Europe: Economic expert debate for the 2024 EU elections

Bruegel and the Financial Times partnered up to host a debate featuring representatives from EU political parties on EU economic issues

What should be the economic priorities for the next Commission and European Parliament?

The EU needs a methodology for including reform impacts in fiscal trajectories

Such a methodology, and a governance mechanism for managing associated risks, must be in place before the new fiscal framework kickstarts in September

Incorporating the impact of social investments and reforms in the European Union’s new fiscal framework

This paper proposes an approach for quantifying the impact of public investments and reforms on debt sustainability

Coordination for EU Competitiveness

Is there a trade-off between competition and competitiveness?

This event debated the trade-off between competition enforcement and international competitiveness

Are competition rules bad for EU competitiveness?

Longer-term fiscal challenges facing the EU

China’s evolving industrial policy: Lessons for Europe

Guiding the EU’s quest for economic competitiveness

Strengthening EU competitiveness

Views and policy solutions on EU competitiveness.

Exploring economic dynamics: conversation with Pierre Wunsch

Fireside chat with Pierre Wunsch and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

The Euro at 25: Fit for purpose?

As it turns 25, has the ECB finally become a normal central bank?

EU competitiveness challenges during the green transition

A briefing given to the Eurogroup on 15 January 2024

How can macroprudential policy mitigate climate-related systemic risk?

This joint Bruegel - National Bank of Slovakia event, held in Bratislava, discussed the benefits and limits of Green macroprudential policy.

What role do strategic investments play in Germany's economic resurgence?

The event discussed urgent policies in Germany for addressing labor shortages and fostering long-term economic growth.

Assessing the Ecofin compromise on fiscal rules reform

The compromise reached by the Ecofin Council is imperfect. But it is still a big step forward.

A year in review

As 2023 closes, we look back at some of the most important and interesting economic policy developments from Europe and the world.

New U.S. Industrial policy, subsidies competition and economic security

This closed-door event will explore the economic ramifications of industrial subsidies in the transatlantic economy

Bringing the reform of European Union fiscal rules to a successful close

EU fiscal rules must not unnecessarily restrict green investment.

The economic case for decarbonising emerging and developing market economies

What are the economic and cooperative mechanisms for developed countries to assist EMDEs in decarbonisation?

Greening EU fiscal rules

How to achieve debt sustainability and environmental sustainability in the bloc?

Are the emerging EU fiscal rules green enough?

Are the emerging EU fiscal rules green enough?

While there are developments towards a political agreement on EU fiscal rules reform, three concerns remain.

Taking stock: 25 years of EMU

Closed-door conference jointly organized with De Nederlandsche Bank

How to de-risk dependence on China while decarbonising

How should the EU manage its dependence on China for clean tech?

Will the Renminbi become an international currency? Policy issues for the European Union

Invitation-only event organised in the frame of the China Horizons project

Going for Growth: creating the conditions for a decisive transition

Launch of the OECD Going for Growth flagship publication

How should the Commission's fiscal framework proposal be improved?

Public hearing on New Economic Governance Rules fit for the Future

ECON Committee of the European Parliament

Can we claim victory over inflation?

Evaluating the European Commission’s fiscal governance proposal

Focusing on the fiscal adjustment that the first regulation would require of countries with debt above the treaty benchmarks.

A quantitative evaluation of the European Commission’s fiscal governance proposal

This paper focuses on the fiscal adjustment that the first regulation would require of countries with debt above the treaty benchmarks.

Making the most of Europe’s anti-subsidy probe into Chinese electric vehicles

The EU anti-subsidy investigation into EVs from China is a reminder of the need for a new EU green industrial policy strategy.

The economic governance review and its impact on monetary-fiscal coordination

Assessing the State of the Union 2023

In this episode, we look at the 2023 State of the Union address delivered by Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission.

Bruegel Annual Meetings, 6-7 September 2023

A symphony in progress: shaping a new agenda for Europe

How big is China’s global economic footprint? Takeaways for the European Union

Barcelona 5: The International Economic and Financial Order After the Pandemic and War

Green tech race? The US Inflation Reduction Act and the EU Net Zero Industry Act in The World Economy

What does the row over EVP Vestager’s pick for Chief Economist of DG Comp mean for the EU?

Talks@Bruegel: Inflation with Stephen D. King

Invitation-only event featuring Stephen D. King, who touched upon the implications of inflation.

An Economic Analysis of Debt‑for‑Climate Swaps

This paper examines the economic case for debt-for-climate swaps: partial debt relief in return for climate investment/policies by the debtor country

Rebooting the European Union’s Net-Zero Industry Act

The proposal for a Net Zero Industry Act still needs work before it can realize its objectives, according to a new paper by Bruegel.

Rebooting the European Union’s Net Zero Industry Act

To what extent can innovation and global economic dominance mitigate China’s structural slowdown?

Event in the frame of the project China Horizons - Dealing with a resurgent China (DWARC)*.

Read with Bruegel: The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism

Jeromin Zettelmeyer sits down with Martin Wolf to discuss his latest book, ‘The Crisis of Democratic Capitalism’.

Transatlantic cooperation on climate action: promise and pitfalls

How can transatlantic cooperation overcome climate action challenges and foster effective collaboration for innovative solutions?

Ukraine's post-war economic outlook: long-term growth, stability and reconstruction

Can international support and economic reforms secure Ukraine's post-war stability?

Europe’s critical struggle with its economic paradigm

As the European elections approach, the main policy choices are more existential than perhaps ever before.

How should the European Union’s industry respond to the energy crisis?

Having weathered the 2022 energy crisis, it is time to consider its longer-term repercussions on the European Union’s industry.

China’s structural deceleration: population aging versus innovation

Closed-door event discussed the importance of rapid aging for the future of the Chinese economy and dwelling on China’s major innovation trends

Building Ukraine's future: financing the recovery

How do we make the design of the foreign aid more accommodative for Ukraine’s future growth and resilience?

Internationale Staatsverschuldung, Schuldenrestrukturierungen und mögliche Handlungsoptionen für das BMZ

The EU’s long-term fiscal challenges

The EU faces a fiscal dilemma in the long-term: fiscal space has likely declined, but public investment needs have gone up.

How will member states react to the European Commission's proposals for fiscal governance reform?

The longer-term fiscal challenges facing the European Union

Since 2020, the European Union has suffered two large shocks, which have created new fiscal challenges for the EU.

Fixing Germany’s fixes of the European Commission’s fiscal governance proposal

Germany has valid concerns about Commission’s plan for reforming the fiscal rules. But there are better ways to address them.

The EU Recovery and Resilience Facility falls short against performance-based funding standards

The rules and guidance underpinning EU economic recovery funds seek inputs and outputs, not results; this has led to uneven use of results indicators

Talks@Bruegel: The international tax framework with Pascal Saint-Amans

Invitation-only event with Pascal Saint-Amans who talked about the international tax framework, its state of play and perspectives.

Are We Heading for Another Debt Crisis in Low-Income Countries? Debt Vulnerabilities: Today vs the pre-HIPC Era

There are concerns that 25 years after the launch of the HIPC debt relief initiative, many low-income countries are facing high debt vulnerabilities.

Joining the dots: climate, nature and the sovereign debt crisis

The event was organised in collaboration with NatureFinance to discuss the correlation between sovereign debt markets and sustainability.

Talks@Bruegel: The great carbon arbitrage with Alissa M. Kleinnijenhuis

Invitation-only event featuring Alissa M. Kleinnijenhuis, who will talk about the economic potential of the green transition.

Lessons from Europe’s crises: conversation with Olli Rehn

From past to present crises - what has the EU learned? What does it still need to learn?

Nationalism, geoeconomics, protectionism and energy shocks – how should the EU respond?

At this event in Rome, the panellists discussed if the EU could use the various crises it is facing to fortify the Union and its industrial policy?

The EU Net Zero Industry Act and the risk of reviving past failures

How the EU might respond to clean tech subsidies, in the form of a leaked draft law entitled the Net Zero Industry Act (NZIA), is deeply worrisome.

Europe’s gas outlook for 2023

Is Europe’s energy crisis over?

Talks@Bruegel: Geoeconomic fragmentation with Daria Zakharova

Invitation-only event featuring Daria Zakharova, who will touch on geoeconomic fragmentation and the future of multilateralism.

How Europe should answer the US Inflation Reduction Act

This policy brief explains what is in the IRA, the impact on the EU and other economies, and how the EU should react.

Talks@Bruegel: Trade, climate and the digital economy with Michael Froman

Invitation-only event featuring Michael Froman, who will touch on subjects such as the IRA and the evolution of digital regulation.

How should Europe react to the IRA?

How should Europe react to the Inflation Reduction Act?

A deep dive into the IRA and its expected impact on the world trade system.

Funding the Green Deal: green bonds and alternative options for EU sovereign debt managers

Invitation-only roundtable to discuss the EU public sector green bond market

Global cooperation in times of geopolitical strife

How can we build a sustainable system of international cooperation that allows for nations to work together despite their differences?

Croatia’s accession into the euro area

What are the implications of Croatia joining the euro area?

Economic policy wrapped up 2022

As 2022 closes, we look back at some of the most important and interesting economic policy developments from Europe and the world.

Beating the European Energy Crisis

The EU needs a grand bargain that reduces demand, increases supply, and keeps energy markets open.

The European Commission's fiscal rules proposal: a bold plan with flaws that can be fixed

The European Commission’s proposal for reforming the EU fiscal rules is far-reaching, but its shortcomings need to be addressed.

Crisis-proofing the EU: internal market in the service of external resilience

How should the EU build resilience against external shocks?

Europe must now strike a deal on energy prices

Europe must move beyond blocking agreement on a coordinated solution and undermining EU unity in the face of Russian aggression.

To cap or not to cap: the deal Europe needs on energy prices

An EU gas price cap would be counterproductive, but the reasons why it is supported widely must be acknowledged and addressed.

Completing Europe’s banking union: economic requirements and legal conditions

This contribution analyses the deficiencies of the current framework and identifies possible responses, in line with three levels of reform ambition.

Is the EU fiscal rules reform going in the right direction?

Reviewing the European Commission’s proposal for reforming the Stability and Growth Pact.

Rewriting the rulebook of the EU fiscal framework

How should EU fiscal rules be reformed to better address current economic realities?

How to get the European Banking Union unstuck

European Union fiscal rules: is a better system feasible?

EU countries seem to be converging on a set of reform objectives. But can these be jointly satisfied? Two recent proposals offer some hope.

How European Union energy policies could mitigate the coming recession

The European Union faces recession, but the way in which policymakers manage the energy crisis will determine its depth and duration.

Does the European Union need an energy crisis fund?

An EU energy fund is justified, but for different reasons than commonly assumed, with implications for the fund’s design.

Geneva 25: Climate and Debt

Geneva Reports on the World Economy

Germany’s gas-price ‘defence shield’: problems and redeeming features

The €200 billion “defence shield” risks undermining European solidarity. This could be avoided by designing it well.

An assessment of Europe’s options for addressing the crisis in energy markets

Action to intervene in the gas and electricity wholesale markets is also being taken at European Union level, which is what we analyse in this paper.

Scoping the challenges for transatlantic climate and trade cooperation

What is the scope for transatlantic cooperation on CBAM legislation, Climate Clubs, and 'green' subsidies?

Learning from the European Central Bank's policy mistakes

While mistakes unduly constrained rate hikes, gradual tightening is the right approach along with a new instrument to address energy bottlenecks.

The Sound of Economics Live: Assessing the State of the Union 2022

In this episode, we look at the State of the Union address delivered by Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission.

Assessing the State of the Union 2022

In this episode, we look at the State of the Union address delivered by Ursula von der Leyen, President of the European Commission.

Re-revisiting The European Union’s energy crisis

Where did it all go wrong?

Bruegel Annual Meetings, 6-7 September 2022

The Annual Meetings are Bruegel's flagship event which gathers high-level speakers to discuss the economic topics that affect Europe and the world.

Autumn 2022 economic outlook: a new chapter

Bruegel’s new Director Jeromin Zettelmeyer and Maria Demertzis discuss the European economic outlook.

Debt-for-Climate Swaps: Analysis, Design, and Implementation

This paper compares debt-for-climate swaps to alternative fiscal support instruments.

Sovereign Debt Sustainability and Central Bank Credibility

This article surveys the literature on sovereign debt sustainability from its origins in the mid-1980s to the present, focusing on four debates.

Redesigning EU fiscal rules: from rules to standards

It is an illusion to think that EU fiscal rules can be simple.

Reconciling risk sharing with market discipline: A constructive approach to euro area reform

This publication proposes six reforms to improve the Eurozone’s financial stability, political cohesion, and potential for delivering prosperity.

Challenges for growth in Europe

The conference in Berlin addressed two topics at the forefront of policy debates in Germany and Europe: stable growth and the energy transition.