³Ô¹ÏºÚÁÏÍø

Climate change could trigger debt crises, with adaptation providing only partial relief

Climate change is likely to significantly undermine sovereign debt sustainability, especially from the mid-2040s

More EU debt issuance would be the best response to Trump’s tariffs

The European Union should think strategically and seize the opportunity to fill the void created by Trump

Pitfalls to avoid as the EU ramps up defence investment

European Union security requires both investment in defence and decisive steps in innovation and research

The problem of missing European public goods from the ReArm Europe plan

Focusing on defence financing and delivery at national level risks fiscally weaker countries not increasing spending or running up unsustainable debts

Ireland’s journey from crisis to confidence

A conversation on Ireland’s economic recovery, housing crisis and international role

Can Germany afford to take most defence spending out of its debt brake?

Higher German defence spending would be fiscally sustainable, but would require cuts elsewhere and would breach EU fiscal rules

Updated assessment: Memo to the commissioner responsible for the European Union budget

Are bad governments a threat to sovereign defaults? The effects of political risk on debt sustainability

In this paper, we ask whether the level of political risk in a country threatens its debt sustainability

Incorporating political risk into analysis of sovereign debt sustainability

Political risk is not taken into account when assessing whether countries can manage their debts, but it could be and should be

Has Hungarian obstructionism triggered greater EU fiscal integration?

Viktor Orban, by delaying EU aid to Ukraine, may have inadvertently helped make the case for more EU fiscal federalism

Draghi’s message: sharing economic sovereignty is hard but possible

European public goods should be the linchpin of a new political and institutional contract

Memo to the commissioner responsible for tax policy

Memo to the commissioner responsible for the European Union budget

Debt financing European air defence

A case can be made for financing European air defence through issuance of EU debt