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Inflation inequality in the European Union and its drivers

How demographic change will hit debt sustainability in European Union countries

The European Union faces a dramatic demographic problem in the decades ahead

The implications of the European Union’s new fiscal rules

This policy brief summarises the main features of the new European Union fiscal framework

The EU needs a methodology for including reform impacts in fiscal trajectories

Such a methodology, and a governance mechanism for managing associated risks, must be in place before the new fiscal framework kickstarts in September

Incorporating the impact of social investments and reforms in the European Union’s new fiscal framework

This paper proposes an approach for quantifying the impact of public investments and reforms on debt sustainability

Export competition between China and Latin America and the Caribbean in the United States market

Longer-term fiscal challenges facing the EU

What will it cost the European Union to pay its economic recovery debt?

Servicing the EU debt until 2058 seems feasible, despite increased borrowing costs, but member countries must make choices about budget funding

An estimate of the European Union’s long-term borrowing cost bill

A quantitative evaluation of the European Commission’s fiscal governance proposal

This paper focuses on the fiscal adjustment that the first regulation would require of countries with debt above the treaty benchmarks.

The rising cost of European Union borrowing and what to do about it

Interest rates on the EU debt have risen substantially since 2022: what are the main drivers and implications and what to do about it?

Internationale Staatsverschuldung, Schuldenrestrukturierungen und mögliche Handlungsoptionen für das BMZ

The longer-term fiscal challenges facing the European Union

Since 2020, the European Union has suffered two large shocks, which have created new fiscal challenges for the EU.

The EU Recovery and Resilience Facility falls short against performance-based funding standards

The rules and guidance underpinning EU economic recovery funds seek inputs and outputs, not results; this has led to uneven use of results indicators

First lessons from the Recovery and Resilience Facility for the EU economic governance framework

This study draws out lessons for the future of the EU economic governance framework from certain aspects of the RRF design.

European Union countries’ recovery and resilience plans

Is Europe failing on import diversification?

Despite a goal of economic self-reliance, the European Union’s imports are generally sourced from an increasingly limited set of suppliers.

Does inflation hit the poor hardest everywhere?

Low-income households suffer most from high inflation, but in some European Union countries the inflation burden is felt more equally than others.