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About the authors

• Ketan Ahuja

  Ketan Ahuja is a Fellow at Harvard Kennedy School’s Growth Lab, where he leads a research programme on green growth. He also works on antitrust and competition policy, focusing on how to regulate market competition in ways that reduce inequality, share power broadly and support innovation and economic growth. His work has been published by, among others, Cambridge University Press, Harvard Kennedy School, the Financial Times, MSNBC, ProMarket, Bruegel and the Roosevelt Institute. 

• Rim Berahab

  Rim Berahab is a Senior Economist at the Policy Center for the New South, working on energy issues and their impacts on economic growth and long-term development. Her research also covers trade and regional integration challenges in Africa. Previously, she worked on gender inequality in the labour markets of North African countries. She holds a state engineering degree from Morocco’s National Institute of Statistics and Applied Economics.

• Margherita Bianchi

  Margherita Bianchi is Head of the Energy, Climate and Resources Programme at the Istituto Affari Internazionali in Rome. Her research focuses on climate policies and their interplay with other policies, energy governance and the related European Union external engagement and foreign policy. Previously, she worked at the European Parliament and with the 2017 Italian G7 presidency task force. Margherita holds master’s degrees from the LUISS School of Government in Rome and the Institute of European Studies in Brussels.

• Jason Bordoff

  Jason Bordoff is Founding Director of the Center on Global Energy Policy at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, where he is a Professor of Professional Practice. He was previously Special Assistant to President Barack Obama and Senior Director for Energy and Climate Change on the Staff of the National Security Council, and has held senior policy positions on the White House’s National Economic Council and Council on Environmental Quality. His research and policy interests lie at the intersection of economics, energy, environment and national security.

• Mauricio Cárdenas

  Mauricio Cárdenas is Professor of Professional Practice in Global Leadership in the Faculty of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University, and Director of the MPA in Global Leadership. He is also affiliated with Columbia’s Center on Global Energy Policy where he conducts research on energy and climate policy. He was Colombia’s finance minister between 2012 and 2018, implementing major fiscal reforms, and was recognised by Euromoney as finance minister of the year in 2015. He has also held other ministerial portfolios: economic development, transport, planning, mines and energy.

• Ruud De Mooij

  Ruud De Mooij is Deputy Director of the Fiscal Affairs Department at the International Monetary Fund. He previously headed the Tax Policy Division. He has worked on tax policy capacity development and revenue strategies in over 25 countries. Before joining the IMF, he was a Professor of Public Economics at Erasmus University in Rotterdam. He has published extensively on tax issues, including in the American Economic Review and the Journal of Public Economics. He is also a research fellow at the University of Oxford, the University of Bergen, ZEW in Mannheim, and member of the CESifo network in Munich.

• Karim El Aynaoui

  Karim El Aynaoui is Executive President of the Policy Center for the New South and Executive Vice-President of Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco, and Dean of its Humanities, Economics and Social Sciences Cluster. He previously worked at the Central Bank of Morocco and the World Bank. His recent research has focused on growth and the labour market in Morocco, and on reforming international development finance. He holds scientific and advisory positions at various institutions and is an advisor to the CEO and Chairman of OCP Group and a board member of OCP Foundation. He holds a PhD in Economics from the University of Bordeaux.
   

• Vitor Gaspar

  Vitor Gaspar is Director of the Fiscal Affairs Department at the International Monetary Fund. Previously, he was Portuguese Minister of State and Finance from 2011–13, and has held various positions in European and Portuguese institutions, including at the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the Central Bank of Portugal and the Portuguese Ministry of Finance. Mr. Gaspar has a PhD and a post-doctoral agregado in economics from Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 

• Heather Grabbe

  Heather Grabbe is a Senior Fellow at Bruegel and a Visiting Professor at University College London and KU Leuven. Her research focuses on the political economy of the European Green Deal and how the climate transition will change the EU’s international relationships and external policies. She was previously Director of the Open Society European Policy Institute in Brussels, Deputy Director of the Centre for European Reform and senior advisor on the Balkans and Turkey to then European Commissioner Olli Rehn.

• Ricardo Hausmann

  Ricardo Hausmann is the founder and Director of Harvard’s Growth Lab and Rafik Hariri Professor of the Practice of International Political Economy at Harvard Kennedy School. His work covers growth diagnostics, economic complexity and concepts in international finance such as original sin and dark matter. Previously, he was Chief Economist of the Inter-American Development Bank (1994-2000) where he established the Research Department, and Minister of Planning of Venezuela (1992-1993).

• Jomo Kwame Sundaram

  Jomo Kwame Sundaram is Research Adviser at the Khazanah  Research Institute, a Fellow of the Academy of Science, Malaysia,  and Emeritus Professor, University of Malaya. He was previously UN  Assistant Secretary-General for Economic Development, Assistant  Director General at the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO),  Founder-Chair of International Development Economics Associates  (IDEAs) and President of the Malaysian Social Science Association. He  received the 2007 Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers  of Economic Thought and the World Academy of Sciences Award in  Social Sciences for 2026.

• Wensheng Peng

  Wensheng Peng is the Chief Economist and Head of Research at the China International Capital Corporation Limited (CICC) and Dean of the CICC Global Institute. He was previously Head of China Research at Barclays Capital, and worked at the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, serving at different times as Head of Economic Research Division and Head of Mainland China Affairs Division. He has also worked as an Economist for the International Monetary Fund.

• Avinash Persaud

  Avinash Persaud is Special Advisor on Climate Change to the President of the Inter-American Development Bank. He has over 30 years of experience in finance, public policy, and academia. Previously, he was Special Climate Envoy to the Prime Minister of Barbados and an architect of the Bridgetown Initiative that has played an instrumental role in setting the international financial reform agenda.

• Simone Tagliapietra

  Simone Tagliapietra is a Senior Fellow at Bruegel, a Professor at the Florence School of Transnational Governance of the European University Institute and an Adjunct Professor at the School of Advanced International Studies Europe of The Johns Hopkins University. His research focuses on the EU climate and energy policy, and on its industrial and social aspects. He also is a Member of the Board of Directors of the Clean Air Task Force and Senior Associate of the Payne Institute at the Colorado School of Mines. He holds a PhD in International Political Economy from the Catholic University of Milan.

• Nathalie Tocci

  Nathalie Tocci is Director of the Istituto Affari Internazionali in Rome, a Professor at the School of Transnational Governance at the European University Institute, Honorary Professor at the University of Tübingen and independent non-executive director of the multi-utility company Acea. She was previously Special Advisor to EU High Representatives Federica Mogherini and Josep Borrell and has held research positions at the Centre for European Policy Studies, the Transatlantic Academy and the European University Institute.

• Xiaochuan Zhou

  Xiaochuan Zhou is a former Governor of the People’s Bank of China. He is also a member of the Group of Thirty (G30) and Chinese Economists 50 Forum. Previously, he was Vice Chairman of the 12th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, Vice President of the Bank of China, Administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, Deputy Governor of the People’s Bank of China, President of the China Construction Bank and Chairman of the China Securities Regulatory Commission. He has a PhD in system engineering in economics from Tsinghua University.