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Jean-Claude Trichet is the honorary Chairman of the Board of Directors of Bruegel Institute (Brussels) and European Chairman of the Trilateral Commission. He was Bruegel's chairman from 2012 to 2020.

Jean-Claude Trichet is a member of the "Institut de France" (Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques). He is honorary chairman of the Group of Thirty (Washington). He was a member of the Eminent Persons Group on Global Financial Governance (EPG), set up in 2017 by the G20 Finance Ministers and Governors, which published its report in 2018.

Jean-Claude Trichet worked in the competitive sector from 1966 to 1968. He was appointed to the Inspection générale des Finances in 1971. He was assigned to various posts at the Ministry of Finance in the General Inspectorate of Finance and later in the Treasury Department, where in 1976 he became Secretary General of the Interministerial Committee for Improving Industrial Structures (CIASI).

Jean-Claude Trichet was made an adviser to the cabinet of the Minister of Economic Affairs in 1978, and then an adviser to the President of the Republic (Valéry Giscard d’Estaing) in the same year. In this capacity, he worked on issues relating to energy, industry, research and microeconomics from 1978 to 1981. He subsequently became Deputy Director of Bilateral Affairs at the Treasury Department from 1981 to 1984 and Head of International Affairs, also at the Treasury, and was Chairman of the Paris Club (sovereign debt rescheduling) from 1985 to 1993. In 1986 he headed the Private Office of the Minister of Economic Affairs, Finance and Privatisation (Edouard Balladur). In 1987 he became Director of the Treasury. In the same year he was appointed Censor of the General Council of the Banque de France and Alternate Governor of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. He was Chairman of the European Monetary Committee from 1992 until his appointment as Governor of the Banque de France in 1993. He was the Chairman of the Monetary Policy Council of the Banque de France as of 1994, a member of the Council of the European Monetary Institute from 1994 to 1998 and thereafter a member of the Governing Council of the European Central Bank. At the end of his first term as Governor of the Banque de France, he was reappointed for a second term.