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Global supply chains: lessons from a decade of disruption

This paper revisits the effects of three shocks on the functioning of global supply chains.

Luca Léry Moffat and Niclas Poitiers

Knowledge spillovers and geopolitical challenges in global supply chains

Our main message is that policies restricting knowledge flows should be limited to narrowly defined areas of strategic importance.

Niclas Poitiers and Kamil Sekut

Entry and competition in mobile app stores

The DMA raises tantalising opportunities for app stores innovation, making it the most exciting area of digital regulation.

Fiona M. Scott Morton

The chicken-and-egg problem in the European Union Digital Markets Act

Business users are needed to help create useful interfaces, while useful interfaces are needed to justify investment and entry by business users.

Fiona M. Scott Morton

Making industrial policy work: a case study on the European Battery Alliance Academy

Efforts to address skilled-labour shortages in the battery sector can provide lessons to other areas of EU industrial policy.

Conor McCaffrey and Niclas Poitiers

Are new EU data market regulations coherent and efficient?

Technical restrictions on access to and re-use of data may result in failures in data markets and data-driven services markets.

Bertin Martens

Skills or a degree? The rise of skills-based hiring for AI and green jobs

We explore whether employers have started focusing on individual skills rather than on formal qualifications in their recruiting.

Fabian Stephany and Eugenia Gonzalez Ehlinger

The competitive relationship between cloud computing and generative AI

Merger control and antitrust laws can address some of the competition risks arising from the relationship between generative AI and cloud computing.

Christophe Carugati

Recessions, the energy mix and environmental policy

This paper highlights that recessions result in permanent increases in energy efficiency and in the share of renewables in total electricity.

Pragyan Deb, Davide Furceri, Jonathan Ostry and Nour Tawk

To what extent can urbanisation mitigate the negative impact of population ageing in China?

Our analysis reveals that ageing accounts for only about 1 percentage point of the GDP growth rate deceleration over the past decade.

Alicia García-Herrero and Jianwei Xu

A quantitative evaluation of the European Commission’s fiscal governance proposal

This paper focuses on the fiscal adjustment that the first regulation would require of countries with debt above the treaty benchmarks.

Zsolt Darvas, Lennard Welslau and Jeromin Zettelmeyer

European Union debt financing: leeway and barriers from a legal perspective

The paper investigates the legal feasibility of the EU borrowing on the capital market to finance European public goods.

Sebastian Grund and Armin Steinbach

Competition in generative artificial intelligence foundation models

This working paper examines how competition in foundation models (FMs) works.

Christophe Carugati

Globalisation and automation as sources of labour-market competition, and support for European Union unemployment insurance

Brian Burgoon, Gregorio Buzzelli, Francesco Nicoli and Stefano Sacchi

The Ukrainian war economy

This paper analyses Ukraine’s war economy management and performance, according to information available in June 2023.

Dmytro Boyarchuk and Marek Dabrowski

Section 232 reloaded: the false promise of the transatlantic ‘climate club’ for steel and aluminium

This paper sets out the EU and US perspectives on the ongoing negotiations and evaluates their initial negotiation proposals.

David Kleimann